Enrichment of sweat-derived extracellular vesicles of human and bacterial origin for biomarker identification

Zhyvolozhnyi, Artem; Samoylenko, Anatoliy; Bart, Geneviève; Kaisanlahti, Anna; Hekkala, Jenni; Makieieva, Olha; Pratiwi, Feby; Miinalainen, Ilkka; Kaakinen, Mika; Bergman, Ulrich; Singh, Prateek; Nurmi, Tuomas; Khosrowbadi, Elham; Abdelrady, Eslam; Kellokumpu, Sakari; Kosamo, Susanna; Reunanen, Justus; Röning, Juha; Hiltunen, Jussi; Vainio, Seppo J.

doi:10.7150/ntno.87822

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Nanotheranostics 2024; 8(1):48-63. doi:10.7150/ntno.87822 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Enrichment of sweat-derived extracellular vesicles of human and bacterial origin for biomarker identification

Artem Zhyvolozhnyi^1*, Anatoliy Samoylenko^1*✉, Geneviève Bart¹, Anna Kaisanlahti², Jenni Hekkala², Olha Makieieva¹, Feby Pratiwi¹, Ilkka Miinalainen¹, Mika Kaakinen¹, Ulrich Bergman¹, Prateek Singh¹, Tuomas Nurmi¹, Elham Khosrowbadi¹, Eslam Abdelrady¹, Sakari Kellokumpu¹, Susanna Kosamo¹, Justus Reunanen², Juha Röning³, Jussi Hiltunen⁴, Seppo J. Vainio^1✉

1. Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
2. Faculty of Medicine, Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland.
3. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland.
4. VTT-Technical Research Centre of Finland, Oulu, Finland.
* These authors share first authorship.

Citation:

Zhyvolozhnyi A, Samoylenko A, Bart G, Kaisanlahti A, Hekkala J, Makieieva O, Pratiwi F, Miinalainen I, Kaakinen M, Bergman U, Singh P, Nurmi T, Khosrowbadi E, Abdelrady E, Kellokumpu S, Kosamo S, Reunanen J, Röning J, Hiltunen J, Vainio SJ. Enrichment of sweat-derived extracellular vesicles of human and bacterial origin for biomarker identification. Nanotheranostics 2024; 8(1):48-63. doi:10.7150/ntno.87822. https://www.ntno.org/v08p0048.htm

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Abstract

Sweat contains biomarkers for real-time non-invasive health monitoring, but only a few relevant analytes are currently used in clinical practice. In the present study, we investigated whether sweat-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be used as a source of potential protein biomarkers of human and bacterial origin.

Methods: By using ExoView platform, electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and Western blotting we characterized EVs in the sweat of eight volunteers performing rigorous exercise. We compared the presence of EV markers as well as general protein composition of total sweat, EV-enriched sweat and sweat samples collected in alginate skin patches.

Results: We identified 1209 unique human proteins in EV-enriched sweat, of which approximately 20% were present in every individual sample investigated. Sweat derived EVs shared 846 human proteins (70%) with total sweat, while 368 proteins (30%) were captured by medical grade alginate skin patch and such EVs contained the typical exosome marker CD63. The majority of identified proteins are known to be carried by EVs found in other biofluids, mostly urine. Besides human proteins, EV-enriched sweat samples contained 1594 proteins of bacterial origin. Bacterial protein profiles in EV-enriched sweat were characterized by high interindividual variability, that reflected differences in total sweat composition. Alginate-based sweat patch accumulated only 5% proteins of bacterial origin.

Conclusion: We showed that sweat-derived EVs provide a rich source of potential biomarkers of human and bacterial origin. Use of commercially available alginate skin patches selectively enrich for human derived material with very little microbial material collected.

Keywords: extracellular vesicles, sweat, proteomics, alginate, bacteria

Citation styles

APA

Zhyvolozhnyi, A., Samoylenko, A., Bart, G., Kaisanlahti, A., Hekkala, J., Makieieva, O., Pratiwi, F., Miinalainen, I., Kaakinen, M., Bergman, U., Singh, P., Nurmi, T., Khosrowbadi, E., Abdelrady, E., Kellokumpu, S., Kosamo, S., Reunanen, J., Röning, J., Hiltunen, J., Vainio, S.J. (2024). Enrichment of sweat-derived extracellular vesicles of human and bacterial origin for biomarker identification. Nanotheranostics, 8(1), 48-63. https://doi.org/10.7150/ntno.87822.

ACS

Zhyvolozhnyi, A.; Samoylenko, A.; Bart, G.; Kaisanlahti, A.; Hekkala, J.; Makieieva, O.; Pratiwi, F.; Miinalainen, I.; Kaakinen, M.; Bergman, U.; Singh, P.; Nurmi, T.; Khosrowbadi, E.; Abdelrady, E.; Kellokumpu, S.; Kosamo, S.; Reunanen, J.; Röning, J.; Hiltunen, J.; Vainio, S.J. Enrichment of sweat-derived extracellular vesicles of human and bacterial origin for biomarker identification. Nanotheranostics 2024, 8 (1), 48-63. DOI: 10.7150/ntno.87822.

NLM

CSE

Zhyvolozhnyi A, Samoylenko A, Bart G, Kaisanlahti A, Hekkala J, Makieieva O, Pratiwi F, Miinalainen I, Kaakinen M, Bergman U, Singh P, Nurmi T, Khosrowbadi E, Abdelrady E, Kellokumpu S, Kosamo S, Reunanen J, Röning J, Hiltunen J, Vainio SJ. 2024. Enrichment of sweat-derived extracellular vesicles of human and bacterial origin for biomarker identification. Nanotheranostics. 8(1):48-63.

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