Theranostic Phthalocyanine and Naphthalocyanine Nanoparticles for Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy of Tumors

Tian, Yiran; Carrillo-Malani, Nicole; Feng, Kailin; Miller, Joann; Busch, Theresa M.; Sundaram, Karthik M.; Cheng, Zhiliang; Amirshaghaghi, Ahmad; Tsourkas, Andrew

doi:10.7150/ntno.88892

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Theranostics

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Nanotheranostics 2024; 8(1):100-111. doi:10.7150/ntno.88892 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Theranostic Phthalocyanine and Naphthalocyanine Nanoparticles for Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy of Tumors

Yiran Tian¹, Nicole Carrillo-Malani¹, Kailin Feng¹, Joann Miller², Theresa M. Busch², Karthik M. Sundaram³, Zhiliang Cheng¹, Ahmad Amirshaghaghi^1✉, Andrew Tsourkas^1✉

1. Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
2. Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
3. Department of Radiology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Citation:

Tian Y, Carrillo-Malani N, Feng K, Miller J, Busch TM, Sundaram KM, Cheng Z, Amirshaghaghi A, Tsourkas A. Theranostic Phthalocyanine and Naphthalocyanine Nanoparticles for Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy of Tumors. Nanotheranostics 2024; 8(1):100-111. doi:10.7150/ntno.88892. https://www.ntno.org/v08p0100.htm

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Abstract

Background: Phthalocyanine (PC) and naphthalocyanine (NC) dyes have long garnered interest as theranostic agents for optical imaging and phototherapy due to their near-infrared absorbance, photostability, imaging contrast, and proven safety in clinical trials. Yet, only a small fraction of these dyes has been evaluated as photothermal therapy (PTT) agents for cancer treatment.

Methods: Nearly 40 distinct NC and PC dyes were encapsulated within polymeric PEG-PCL micelles via oil-in-water emulsions. The optimal NC/PC-loaded micelle formulations for PTT and photoacoustic (PA) imaging were identified through in vivo and in vitro studies.

Results: The most promising candidate, CuNC(Octa)-loaded micelles, demonstrated a strong PA signal with a peak absorbance at ~870 nm, high photothermal efficiency, and photostability. The CuNC(Octa)-loaded micelles exhibited heat generation as good or better than gold nanorods/nanoshells and >10-fold higher photoacoustic signals. Micelle preparation was reproducible/scalable, and the CuNC(Octa)-loaded micelles are highly stable under physiological conditions. The CuNC(Octa)-loaded micelles localize within tumors via enhanced permeability and retention and are readily detectable by PA imaging. In a syngeneic murine tumor model of triple-negative breast cancer, CuNC(Octa)-loaded micelles demonstrate efficient heat generation with PTT, leading to the complete eradication of tumors.

Conclusions: CuNC(Octa)-loaded micelles represent a promising theranostic agent for PA imaging and PTT. The ability to utilize conventional ultrasound in combination with PA imaging enables the simultaneous acquisition of information about tumor morphology and micelle accumulation. PTT with CuNC(Octa)-loaded micelles can lead to the complete eradication of highly invasive tumors.

Keywords: phthalocyanine, naphthalocyanine, photothermal therapy, photoacoustic imaging, theranostic

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APA

Tian, Y., Carrillo-Malani, N., Feng, K., Miller, J., Busch, T.M., Sundaram, K.M., Cheng, Z., Amirshaghaghi, A., Tsourkas, A. (2024). Theranostic Phthalocyanine and Naphthalocyanine Nanoparticles for Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy of Tumors. Nanotheranostics, 8(1), 100-111. https://doi.org/10.7150/ntno.88892.

ACS

Tian, Y.; Carrillo-Malani, N.; Feng, K.; Miller, J.; Busch, T.M.; Sundaram, K.M.; Cheng, Z.; Amirshaghaghi, A.; Tsourkas, A. Theranostic Phthalocyanine and Naphthalocyanine Nanoparticles for Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy of Tumors. Nanotheranostics 2024, 8 (1), 100-111. DOI: 10.7150/ntno.88892.

NLM

CSE

Tian Y, Carrillo-Malani N, Feng K, Miller J, Busch TM, Sundaram KM, Cheng Z, Amirshaghaghi A, Tsourkas A. 2024. Theranostic Phthalocyanine and Naphthalocyanine Nanoparticles for Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy of Tumors. Nanotheranostics. 8(1):100-111.

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