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Nanotheranostics 2023; 7(3):236-257. doi:10.7150/ntno.77564 This issue Cite

Review

Natural and synthetic nanovectors for cancer therapy

Aziz Eftekhari^1,2, Carola Kryschi³, David Pamies^4,5, Sukru Gulec⁶, Elham Ahmadian^7✉, Dawid Janas^8✉, Soodabeh Davaran^9,10✉, Rovshan Khalilov^11,12

1. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
2. Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnologies, Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan, 11 Izzat Nabiyev, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan
3. Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physical Chemistry I and ICMM, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen─Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
4. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
5. Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
6. Molecular Nutrition and Human Physiology Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Urla, İzmir, Turkey
7. Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
8. Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
9. Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Yeditepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
10. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
11. Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
12. Institute of Radiation Problems, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan

✉ Corresponding authors: ahmadian.elhamcom, dawid.janaspl, davaranac.ir

Abstract

Nanomaterials have been extensively studied in cancer therapy as vectors that may improve drug delivery. Such vectors not only bring numerous advantages such as stability, biocompatibility, and cellular uptake but have also been shown to overcome some cancer-related resistances. Nanocarrier can deliver the drug more precisely to the specific organ while improving its pharmacokinetics, thereby avoiding secondary adverse effects on the not target tissue. Between these nanovectors, diverse material types can be discerned, such as liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanostructures, nanoparticles, nanowires, etc., each of which offers different opportunities for cancer therapy. In this review, a broad spectrum of nanovectors is analyzed for application in multimodal cancer therapy and diagnostics in terms of mode of action and pharmacokinetics. Advantages and inconveniences of promising nanovectors, including gold nanostructures, SPIONs, semiconducting quantum dots, various nanostructures, phospholipid-based liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric micelles, extracellular and exome vesicles are summarized. The article is concluded with a future outlook on this promising field.

Keywords: Nanoparticles, nanovectors, cancer, drug delivery, nanomaterials

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